THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It
lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes
the structure, procedures, powers and duties of government institutions and
sets out fundamental rights, directive principles and the duties of citizens.
It is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world,
containing 448 articles in 25 parts, 12 schedules, 5 appendices and 98
amendments (out of 120 Constitution
Amendment Bills). Besides the English version, there is an official Hindi
translation. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is widely regarded as the architect of
the Indian Constitution.
The Constitution follows parliamentary system of government
and the executive is directly accountable to the legislature. Article 74
provides that there shall be a Prime Minister of India as the head of
government. It also states that there shall be a President of India and a
Vice-President of India under Articles 52 and 63. Unlike the Prime Minister,
the President largely performs ceremonial roles.
The Constitution of India is federal in nature. Each state
and each Union territory of India has its own government. Analogues to
President and Prime Minister, each has a Governor (in case of states) or
Lieutenant Governor (in the case of Union territories) and a Chief Minister.
The 73rd and 74th Amendment Act also introduced the system of Panchayati Raj in
rural areas and Municipality in urban areas. Also, Article 370 of the
Constitution gives special status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
The Constitution was adopted by the India Constituent
Assembly on 26 November 1949, and came into effect on 26 January 1950. The date
of 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of
independence of 1930. With its adoption, the Union of India officially became
the modern and contemporary Republic of India and it replaced the Government of
India Act 1935 as the country's fundamental governing document. To ensure
constitutional autochthony, the framers of constitution inserted Article 395 in
the constitution and by this Article the Indian Independence Act, 1947 was
repealed. The Constitution declares India to be a sovereign, socialist,
secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizens of justice, equality, and
liberty, and endeavors to promote fraternity among them. The words
"socialist" and "secular" were added to the definition in
1976 by constitutional amendment (mini constitution). India celebrates the
adoption of the constitution on 26 January each year as Republic Day.
PART I
THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY
ARTICLES
1. Name and
territory of the Union.
2.
Admission or establishment of new States.
2A. [Repealed.]
3.
Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of
existing States.
4. Laws
made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the
Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters.
PART II
CITIZENSHIP
5. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution.
6. Rights of
citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan.
7. Rights
of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan.
8. Rights of
citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India.
9. Persons
voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens.
10. Continuance of the rights of citizenship.
11. Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.
PART III
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
General
12. Definition.
13. Laws
inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.
Right to Equality
14. Equality
before law.
15. Prohibition
of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
16. Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
17. Abolition of Untouchability.
18. Abolition of titles.
Right to Freedom
19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
20. Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
21. Protection of life and personal liberty.
21. Right to
education.
22. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.
Right against Exploitation
23. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.
24. Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
Right to Freedom of
Religion
25. Freedom of conscience and free
profession, practice and propagation of religion.
26. Freedom to manage religious affairs.
27. Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
28. Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship
in certain educational institutions.
Cultural and Educational Rights
29. Protection of interests of minorities.
30. Right
of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.
31. [Repealed.]
Saving of Certain Laws
31A. Saving
of Laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.
31B.
Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.
31C. Saving
of laws giving effect to certain directive principles.
31D. [Repealed.]
Right to Constitutional Remedies
32.
Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part.
32A. [Repealed.]
33. Power
of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application
to Forces, etc.
34.
Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in
force in any area.
35.
Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.
PART IV
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
36. Definition.
37.
Application of the principles contained in this Part.
38. State to
secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people.
39. Certain
principles of policy to be followed by the State.
39A. Equal
justice and free legal aid.
40. Organisation of village panchayats.
41. Right to
work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases.
42.
Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
43. Living wage, etc., for workers.
43A. Participation of workers in management of industries.
44. Uniform
civil code for the citizens.
45.
Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the
age of six years.
46. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections.
47. Duty of
the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to
improve public health.
48. Organisation of agriculture and animal
husbandry.
48A. Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests
and wild life.
49.
Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance.
50. Separation
of judiciary from executive.
51.
Promotion of international peace and security.
PART IVA
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
51A.
Fundamental duties.
PART V
THE UNION
CHAPTER I.¾THE EXECUTIVE
The President and Vice-President
52. The
President of India.
53. Executive power of the Union.
54. Election of President.
55. Manner
of election of President.
56. Term
of office of President.
57. Eligibility for re-election.
58. Qualifications for election as President.
59. Conditions of President’s office.
60. Oath or
affirmation by the President.
61. Procedure for impeachment of the President.
62. Time of
holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of
office of person
elected to fill casual vacancy.
63. The
Vice-President of India.
64. The
Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States.
65. The
Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual
vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President.
66.
Election of Vice-President.
67. Term of
office of Vice-President.
68. Time of
holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term
of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
69. Oath or
affirmation by the Vice-President.
70.
Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies.
71. Matters
relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President.
72. Power
of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences
in certain cases.
73. Extent
of executive power of the Union.
Council of Ministers
74.
Council of Ministers to aid and
advise President.
75. Other
provisions as to Ministers.
The Attorney-General for India
76.
Attorney-General for India.
Conduct of Government Business
77. Conduct
of business of the Government of India.
78. Duties
of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President,
etc.
CHAPTER
II.¾PARLIAMENT
General
79.
Constitution of Parliament.
80.
Composition of the Council of States.
81.
Composition of the House of the People.
82.
Readjustment after each census.
83.
Duration of Houses of Parliament.
84.
Qualification for membership of Parliament.
85.
Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution.
86. Right
of President to address and send messages to Houses.
87. Special
address by the President.
88. Rights
of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses.
Officers of Parliament
89. The
Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States.
90.
Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy
Chairman.
91. Power
of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of,
or to act as, Chairman.
92. The
Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his
removal from office is under consideration.
93. The
Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People .
94.
Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker
and Deputy Speaker.
95. Power
of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of,
or to act as, Speaker.
96. The
Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal
from office is under consideration.
97.
Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the
Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
98.
Secretariat of Parliament.
Conduct of Business
99. Oath or affirmation by members.
100. Voting
in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
Disqualifications of Members
101. Vacation
of seats.
102.
Disqualifications for membership.
103. Decision
on questions as to disqualifications of members.
104. Penalty
for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article
99 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its
Members
105. Powers,
privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees
thereof.
106. Salaries
and allowances of members.
Legislative Procedure
107.
Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
108. Joint sitting of both Houses in certain
cases.
109. Special
procedure in respect of Money Bills.
110.
Definition of “Money Bills”.
111. Assent
to Bills.
Procedure in Financial Matters
112. Annual
financial statement.
113. Procedure in Parliament with respect to
estimates.
114.
Appropriation Bills.
115.
Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
116. Votes on
account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
117. Special
provisions as to financial Bills.
Procedure Generally
118. Rules
of procedure.
119.
Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial
business.
120. Language
to be used in Parliament.
121.
Restriction on discussion in Parliament.
122. Courts
not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament.
CHAPTER III.¾LEGISLATIVE
POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT
123. Power of
President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament.
CHAPTER IV.¾ THE UNION JUDICIARY
124. Establishment and constitution of
Supreme Court.
125. Salaries,
etc., of Judges.
126.
Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
127.
Appointment of ad hoc judges.
128.
Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court.
129. Supreme
Court to be a court of record.
130. Seat of
Supreme Court.
131. Original
jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
131A.
[Repealed.]
132. Appellate
jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases.
133. Appellate
jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to Civil
matters.
134. Appellate
jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters.
134A.
Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court.
135.
Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be
exercisable by the Supreme Court.
136. Special
leave to appeal by the Supreme Court.
137. Review of
judgments or orders by the Supreme Court.
138. Enlargement
of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
139.
Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs.
139A. Transfer
of certain cases.
140. Ancillary
powers of Supreme Court.
141. Law
declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts.
142.
Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to
discovery, etc.
143. Power of
President to consult Supreme Court.
144. Civil and
judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court.
144A.
[Repealed.]
145. Rules of
Court, etc.
146. Officers
and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court.
147.
Interpretation.
CHAPTER V.¾ COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA
148.
Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
149. Duties
and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General.
150. Form of
accounts of the Union and of the States.
151. Audit
reports.
PART VI
THE STATES
CHAPTER I.¾ GENERAL
152.
Definition.
CHAPTER II.¾ THE EXECUTIVE
The Governor
153.
Governors of States.
154. Executive
power of State.
155.
Appointment of Governor.
156. Term of
office of Governor.
157.
Qualifications for appointment as Governor.
158.
Conditions of Governor’s office
159. Oath or
affirmation by the Governor.
160. Discharge
of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies.
161. Power of
Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in
certain cases.
162. Extent of
executive power of State.
Council of Ministers
163. Council
of Ministers to aid and advise Governor.
164. Other
provisions as to Ministers.
The Advocate-General for the State
165.
Advocate-General for the State.
Conduct of Government Business
166. Conduct
of business of the Government of a State.
167. Duties of
Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.
CHAPTER III.¾THE STATE LEGISLATURE
General
168. Constitution
of Legislatures in States.
169.
Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.
170.
Composition of the Legislative Assemblies.
171.
Composition of the Legislative Councils.
172. Duration
of State Legislatures.
173.
Qualification for membership of the State Legislature.
174. Sessions
of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution.
175. Right of
Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses.
176. Special
address by the Governor.
177. Rights
of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses.
Officers of the State Legislature
178. The
Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.
179. Vacation
and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
180. Power of
the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or
to act as, Speaker.
181. The
Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal
from office is under consideration.
182. The
Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council.
183. Vacation
and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy
Chairman.
184. Power of
the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or
to act as, Chairman.
185. The
Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his
removal from office is under consideration.
186. Salaries
and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy
Chairman.
187.
Secretariat of State Legislature.
Conduct of Business
188. Oath or
affirmation by members.
189. Voting
in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
Disqualifications of Members
190. Vacation
of seats.
191.
Disqualifications for membership.
192. Decision
on questions as to disqualifications of members.
193. Penalty
for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or
when not qualified or when disqualified.
Powers, privileges and immunities of State Legislatures and
their Members
194. Powers,
privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and
committees thereof.
195. Salaries
and allowances of members.
Legislative Procedure
196.
Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
197.
Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than
Money Bills.
198. Special
procedure in respect of Money Bills.
199.
Definition of “Money Bills”.
200. Assent
to Bills.
201. Bills
reserved for consideration.
Procedure in Financial Matters
202. Annual
financial statement.
203.
Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates.
204.
Appropriation Bills.
205.
Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
206. Votes on
account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
207. Special
provisions as to financial Bills.
Procedure Generally
208. Rules of
procedure.
209.
Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in
relation to financial business.
210. Language
to be used in the Legislature.
211. Restriction
on discussion in the Legislature.
212. Courts
not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.
CHAPTER IV.¾- LEGISLATIVE
POWER OF THE GOVERNOR
213. Power of
Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.
CHAPTER V.¾-THE HIGH
COURTS IN THE STATES
214. High
Courts for States.
215. High
Courts to be courts of record.
216.
Constitution of High Courts.
217.
Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court.
218. Application of certain provisions relating
to Supreme Court to High Courts.
219. Oath or
affirmation by Judges of High Courts.
220.
Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge.
221.
Salaries, etc., of Judges.
222. Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to
another.
223.
Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
224. A ppointment of additional and acting Judges.
224A.
Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts.
225. Jurisdiction
of existing High Courts.
226. Power of
High Courts to issue certain writs.
226A.
[Repealed..]
227. Power of
superintendence over all courts by the High Court.
228. Transfer
of certain cases to High Court.
228A. [Repealed.]
229. Officers
and servants and the expenses of High Courts.
230.
Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories.
231.
Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.CHAPTER
VI¾SUBORDINATE COURTS
233.
Appointment of district judges.
233A. Validation
of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges.
234.
Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial
service.
235. Control
over subordinate courts.
236.
Interpretation.
237.
Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or
classes of magistrates.
PART VII
THE STATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE
238.
[Repealed.]
PART VIII
THE UNION TERRITORIES
239.
Administration of Union territories.
239A. Creation
of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union
territories.
239A. Special
provisions with respect to Delhi.
239AA.
Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.
239AB. Power
of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.
240. Power of
President to make regulations for certain Union territories.
241. High
Courts for Union territories.
242 . [Repealed.]
PART IX
THE PANCHAYATS
243.
Definitions.
243A. Gram Sabha.
243B. Constitution
of Panchayats.
243C. Composition
of Panchayats.
243D. Reservation
of seats.
243E. Duration of
Panchayats, etc.
243F. Disqualifications
for membership.
243G. Powers,
authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.
243H. Powers to
impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats.
243-I.
Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position.
243J. Audit of
accounts of Pachayats.
243K. Elections
to the Panchayats.
243L.
Application to Union territories.
243M. Part not
to apply to certain areas.
243N.
Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats.
243-O . Bar to interference by courts in electoral
matters.
PART IXA
THE MUNICPALITIES
243P.
Definitions.
243Q.
Constitution of Municipalities.
243R.
Composition of Municipalities.
243S.
Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc.
243T.
Reservation of seats.
243U. Duration
of Municipalities, etc.
243V.
Disqualifications for membership.
243W. Powers,
authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.
243X. Power to
impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities.
243Y. Finance
Commission.
243Z.
Audit of accounts of Municipalities.
243ZA.
Elections to the Municipalities.
243ZB.
Application to Union territories.
243ZC. Part
not to apply to certain areas.
243ZD.
Committee for district planning.
243ZE.
Committee for Metropolitan planning.
243ZF.
Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities.
243ZG. Bar
to interference by Courts in electoral matters.
PART X
THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS
244.
Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.
244A. Formation
of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of
local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor.
PART XI
RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES
CHAPTER I.¾LEGISLATIVE
RELATIONS
Distribution of Legislative Powers
245. Extent of
laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
246.
Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of
States.
247. Power of
Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts.
248. Residuary
powers of legislation.
249. Power of
Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the
national interest.
250. Power of
Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a
Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
251.
Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250
and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
252. Power of
Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such
legislation by any other State.
253. Legislation
for giving effect to international agreements.
254.
Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the
Legislatures of States.
255.
Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded
as matters of procedure only.
CHAPTER II.¾ ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS
General
256. Obligation
of States and the Union.
257. Control of
the Union over States in certain cases.
257A.
[Repealed.]
258. Power of
the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases.
258A. Power of
the States to entrust functions to the Union.
259.
[Repealed.]
260.
Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India.
261. Public
acts, records and judicial proceedings.
Disputes relating to Waters
262.
Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys.
Co-ordination between States
263.
Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.
PART XII
FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS
CHAPTER I.¾FINANCE
General
264.
Interpretation.
265. Taxes
not to be imposed save by authority of law.
266. Consolidated
Funds and public accounts of India and of the States.
267.
Contingency Fund.
Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States
268. Duties
levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the State.
268A. Service
tax levied by Union and collected by the Union and the States.
269. Taxes
levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States.
270. Taxes
levied and distributed between the Union
and the States.
271.
Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union.
272.
[Repealed.]
273. Grants
in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products.
274. Prior
recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which
States are interested.
275. Grants
from the Union to certain States.
276. Taxes on
professions, trades, callings and employments.
277. Savings.
278.
[Repealed.]
279.
Calculation of “net proceeds”,
etc.
280. Finance
Commission.
281. Recommendations of the Finance Commission.
Miscellaneous financial provisions
282. Expenditure
defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues.
283. Custody,
etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the
public accounts.
284. Custody of
suitors’ deposits and other moneys
received by public servants and courts.
285. Exemption
of property of the Union from State taxation.
286.
Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods.
287. Exemption
from taxes on electricity.
288. Exemption
from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases.
289. Exemption
of property and income of a State from Union taxation.
290. Adjustment
in respect of certain expenses and pensions.
290A. Annual
payment to certain Devaswom Funds.
291. [Repealed.]
CHAPTER II.¾ BORROWING
292. Borrowing
by the Government of India.
293. Borrowing
by States.
CHAPTER III.¾ PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES,
OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS
294. Succession
to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases.
295. Succession
to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases.
296. Property
accruing by escheat or laps or as bona vacantia.
297. Things of
value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the
exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union.
298. Power to
carry on trade, etc.
299. Contracts.
300. Suits and
proceedings.
CHAPTER IV.¾ RIGHT
TO PROPERTY
300A. Persons not
to be deprived of property save by authority of law.
PART XIII
TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN
THE TERRITORY OF INDIA
301. Freedom of
trade, commerce and intercourse.
302. Power of
Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse.
303.
Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States
with regard to trade and commerce.
304.
Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States.
305. Saving of
existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies.
306.
[Repealed.]
307.
Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301
to 304.
PART XIV
SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES
CHAPTER I.¾ SERVICES
308.
Interpretation.
309.
Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a
State.
310. Tenure of
office of persons serving the Union or a State.
311. Dismissal,
removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the
Union or a State.
312. All-India
services.
312A. Power of
Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain
services.
313.
Transitional provisions.
314.
[Repeated.]
CHAPTER II.—PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS
315. Public
Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.
316.
Appointment and term of office of members.
317. Removal
and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission.
318. Power to
make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the
Commission.
319.
Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on
ceasing to be such members.
320. Functions
of Public Service Commissions.
321. Power to extend functions of Public Service
Commissions.
322. Expenses
of Public Service Commissions.
323. Reports
of Public Service Commissions.
PART XIVA
TRIBUNALS
323A.
Administrative tribunals.
323B. Tribunals
for other matters.
PART XV
ELECTIONS
324.
Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an
Election Commission.
325. No person
to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special,
electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex.
326. Elections
to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on
the basis of adult suffrage.
327. Power of
Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures.
328. Power of Legislature of a State to make
provision with respect to elections to such Legislature.
329. Bar to
interference by courts in electoral matters.
329A.
[Repealed.]
PART XVI
SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES
330. Reservation
of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People.
331.
Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People.
332.
Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the
Legislative Assemblies of the States.
333.
Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative
Assemblies of the States.
334.
Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after seventy
years.
335. Claims of
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts.
336. Special
provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services.
337. Special
provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-Indian
Community.
338. National
Commission for Scheduled Castes.
338A. National
Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
339. Control of
the Union over the Administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of
Scheduled Tribes.
340. Appointment
of a Commission to investigate the conditions
of backward classes.
341. Scheduled
Castes.
342. Scheduled
Tribes.
PART XVII
OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
CHAPTER I.—LANGUAGE OF THE UNION
343. Official
language of the Union.
344. Commission
and Committee of Parliament on official language.
CHAPTER II.¾ REGIONAL LANGUAGES
345. Official
language or languages of a State.
346. Official
language for communication between one State and another or between a State and
the Union.
347. Special
provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a
State.
CHAPTER III.¾LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT,
HIGH COURTS, ETC.
348. Language
to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills,
etc.
349. Special
procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language.
CHAPTER IV.¾-SPECIAL DIRECTIVES
350. Language
to be used in representations for redress of grievances.
350A.
Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage.
350B. Special
Officer for linguistic minorities.
351. Directive
for development of the Hindi language.
PART XVIII
EMERGENCY PROVISIONS
352.
Proclamation of Emergency.
353. Effect of
Proclamation of Emergency.
354.
Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a
Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
355. Duty of
the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal
disturbance.
356. Provisions
in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States.
357. Exercise
of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356.
358.
Suspension of provisions of
article 19 during emergencies.
359. Suspension
of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies.
359A.
[Repealed.]
360.
Provisions as to financial emergency.
PART XIX
MISCELLANEOUS
361. Protection
of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs.
361A. Protection
of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures.
361B.
Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post.
362.
[Repealed.]
363. Bar to
interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements,
etc.
363A.
Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses
to be abolished.
364. Special
provisions as to major ports and aerodromes.
365. Effect of
failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union.
366.
Definitions.
367.
Interpretation.
PART XX
AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
368. Power of
Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor.
PART XXI
TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND
SPECIAL PROVISIONS
369. Temporary
power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State
List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List.
370. Temporary
provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
371. Special
provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
371A. Special provision
with respect to the State of Nagaland.
371B . Special
provision with respect to the State of Assam.
371C. Special
provision with respect to the State of Manipur.
371D. Special
provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh.
371E.
Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh.
371F. Special
provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim.
371G. Special
provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
371H. Special
provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh.
371-I. Special
provision with respect to the State of
Goa.
372.
Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation.
372A. Power of
the President to adapt laws.
373. Power of
President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in
certain cases.
374.
Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in
the Federal Court or before His
Majesty in Council.
375. Courts,
authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of
the Constitution.
376. Provisions
as to Judges of High Courts.
377. Provisions
as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
378. Provisions
as to Public Service Commissions.
378A. Special
provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.
379-391.
[Repealed.]
392. Power of
the President to remove difficulties.
PART XXII
SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT
IN HINDI AND REPEALS
393. Short
title.
394.
Commencement.
394A.
Authoritative text in the Hindi language.
395. Repeals.
SCHEDULES
FIRST SCHEDULE
I. —The States.
II. —The Union territories.
SECOND SCHEDULE
PART A— Provisions as to the President and the Governors of
States.
PART B— [Repealed.]
PART C— Provisions
as to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of
the House of the People
and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Council
of States and
the Speaker and
the Deputy Speaker of
the Legislative Assembly and the
Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the
Legislative Council of a State.
PART D— Provisions
as to the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts.
PART E— Provisions
as to the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
THIRD SCHEDULE—
Forms of Oaths or Affirmations.
FOURTH SCHEDULE—
Allocation of seats in the Council of States.
FIFTH SCHEDULE—
Provisions as to the Administration and Control of
Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes
PART A—General.
PART B—Administration and
Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes.
PART C— Scheduled Areas.
PART D—Amendment of the Schedule.
SIXTH SCHEDULE—
Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the
States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
SEVENTH SCHEDULE—
List I — Union List.
List II— State List.
List III— Concurrent List.
EIGHTH SCHEDULE— Languages.
NINTH SCHEDULE—Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.
TENTH SCHEDULE— Provisions as to disqualification on ground
of defection.
ELEVENTH SCHEDULE— Powers, authority and responsibilities
of Panchayats.
TWELFTH SCHEDULE— Powers, authority and responsibilities of
Municipalities, etc.
APPENDIX
APPENDIX I—The
Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954.
APPENDIX II— Re-statement, with reference to the present
text of the Constitution, of the exceptions and
modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to
the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
APPENDIX
III—Extracts from the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978
APPENDIX IV— The
Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003.
INDEX
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